Luis Branquinho^1,2,3,4, Mário C. Marques^2,5, Eduardo Paiva⁶, Tiago Reis⁶, Ana Maria Sousa⁶, Tiago M. Barbosa^2,7,8, Nemat Ruzmetov⁷, Sérgio Matos^3,9, Jorge Arede^2,3,6,10, José E. Teixeira^2,7,11

¹Biosciences School of Elvas, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, Portalegre, Portugal
²Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
³CI-ISCE, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro (ISCE Douro), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal
⁴Life Quality Research Center (LQRC-CIEQV), Santarem, Portugal
⁵Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beria Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
⁶Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal
⁷Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança (IPB), 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
⁸Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing (LiveWell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
⁹Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
¹⁰Urgench State University, Uzbekistan
¹¹Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal

Observational Analysis in Basketball: A literature review

Monten. J. Sports Sci. Med. 2025, 14(2), Ahead of Print | DOI: 10.26773/mjssm.250906

Abstract

Technological instruments and methods for monitoring, observation, and analysis have become increasingly important for gaining insights into basketball performance. Thus, this literature review aimed to compile information about methods and instruments for observational analysis in Basketball. Previous studies have applied several valid methods for physiological, technical, and tactical analysis in Basketball, specifically: Instrument for evaluating individual technical-tactical performance in Basketball (IAD-BB); Team Sports Assessment Procedure (TSAP); Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI). Also, this type of analysis can be supported by time-motion analysis (TMA) analysis using analysis software with emphasis on Match Vision (software Studio 3.0, International Basketball Federation). In conclusion, the application of observation and analysis instruments in Basketball is valid, and repeatableObservational analysis can be applied in Basketball insights for talent identification; training design and management; technical and tactical performance analysis. Future challenges and research issues will be to compare observation strategies that combine instruments, integrating physical, technical, and tactical factors in Basketball performance analysis.

Keywords

performance, instruments, methods, monitoring

View full article
(PDF – 404KB)

References

Abdelkrim, N. Ben, El Fazaa, S., & El Ati, J. (2007). Time-motion analysis and physiological data of elite under-19-year-old basketball players during competition. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(2), 69–75. https://doi.org/10.1136/BJSM.2006.032318

Aoki, M. S., Ronda, L. T., Marcelino, P. R., Drago, G., Carling, C., Bradley, P. S., & Moreira, A. (2017). Monitoring Training Loads in Professional Basketball Players Engaged in a Periodized Training Program. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(2), 348–358. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001507

Arede, J., Fernandes, J., Moran, J., Norris, J., & Leite, N. (2020). Maturity timing and performance in a youth national basketball team: Do early-maturing players dominate? https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954120980712

Arede, J., Ferreira, A. P., Esteves, P., Gonzalo-Skok, O., & Leite, N. (2020). Train Smarter, Play More: Insights About Preparation and Game Participation in Youth National Team. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 91(4), 583–593. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2019.1693012

Arias, J. L., & Castejón, F. J. (2012). Review of the instruments most frequently employed to assess tactics in physical education and youth sports. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 31(4), 381–391. https://doi.org/10.1123/JTPE.31.4.381

Barris, S., & Button, C. (2008). A review of vision-based motion analysis in sport. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 38(12), 1025–1043. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200838120-00006

Barros, R. M. L. de, Bergo, F. G., Anido, R., Cunha, S. A., Filho, E. C. L., Brenzikofer, R., & Freire, J. B. (2002). Sistema para anotação de ações de jogadores de futebol. Revista Brasileira de Ciência e Movimento, 10(2), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.18511/RBCM.V10I2.444

Ben Abdelkrim, N., Castagna, C., El Fazaa, S., & El Ati, J. (2010). The effect of players’ standard and tactical strategy on game demands in men’s basketball. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(10), 2652–2662. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0B013E3181E2E0A3

Ben Abdelkrim, N., Castagna, C., Jabri, I., Battikh, T., El Fazaa, S., & El Ati, J. (2010). Activity profile and physiological requirements of junior elite basketball players in relation to aerobic-anaerobic fitness. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(9), 2330–2342. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0B013E3181E381C1

Bond, C. W., Dorman, J. C., Odney, T. O., Roggenbuck, S. J., Young, S. W., & Munce, T. A. (2019). Evaluation of the functional movement screen and a novel basketball mobility test as an injury prediction tool for collegiate basketball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(6), 1589–1600. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001944

Bradley, P. S., & Noakes, T. D. (2013). Match running performance fluctuations in elite soccer: indicative of fatigue, pacing or situational influences? Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(15), 1627–1638. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.796062

Branquinho, D., Ferraz, R., Marinho, D. A., Neiva, H. P., Teixeira, J. E., Forte, P., Marques, M. C., & Branquinho, L. (2022). The development of basketball players: current perspectives and future directions. Open Science Journal, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.23954/OSJ.V7I3.3151

Branquinho, L., Ferraz, R., Travassos, B., Marinho, D. A., & Marques, M. C. (2021). Effects of different recovery times on internal and external load during small-sided games in soccer. Sports Health, 13(4), 324-331.

Branquinho, L., Ferraz, R., Teixeira, J., Neiva, H. P., Sortweel, A., Forte, P., Marinho, D. A., & Marques, M. C. (2022). Effects of a Plyometric Training Program in Sub-Elite Futsal Players During Pre-Season Period. International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science, 10(2), 42–50. https://doi.org/10.7575/AIAC.IJKSS.V.10N.2P.42

Castellano, J., Blanco-Villaseñor, A., & Álvarez, D. (2011). Contextual variables and time-motion analysis in soccer. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 32(6), 415–421. https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0031-1271771

Castellano, J., Perea, A., Alday, L., & Hernández Mendo, A. (2008). The measuring and observation tool in sports. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 898–905. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.898

Chambers, R., Gabbett, T. J., Cole, M. H., & Beard, A. (2015). The Use of Wearable Microsensors to Quantify Sport-Specific Movements. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 45(7), 1065–1081. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40279-015-0332-9

Chen, W., Hendricks, K., & Zhu, W. (2013). Development and validation of the basketball offensive game performance instrument. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 32(1), 100–109. https://doi.org/10.1123/JTPE.32.1.100

Crandall, Beth., Klein, G. A., & Hoffman, R. R. (2006). Working minds : a practitioner’s guide to cognitive task analysis. MIT press 332.

Da Costa, I. T., Garganta, J., Greco, P. J., & Mesquita, I. (2011). Proposta de avaliação do comportamento tático de jogadores de Futebol baseada em princípios fundamentais do jogo. Motriz. Revista de Educacao Fisica, 17(3), 511–524. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-65742011000300014

Damas, R. S., & Ferreira, A. P. (2013). Patterns of visual search in basketball coaches. An analysis on the level of performance. Revista de Psicología del Deporte 22(1), 199–204.

Di Salvo, V., Baron, R., González-Haro, C., Gormasz, C., Pigozzi, F., & Bachl, N. (2010). Sprinting analysis of elite soccer players during European Champions League and UEFA Cup matches. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(14), 1489–1494. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.521166

Di Salvo, V., Baron, R., Tschan, H., Calderon Montero, F. J., Bachl, N., & Pigozzi, F. (2007). Performance characteristics according to playing position in elite soccer. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28(3), 222–227. https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-924294

Drew, M. K., & Finch, C. F. (2016). The Relationship Between Training Load and Injury, Illness and Soreness: A Systematic and Literature Review. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 46(6), 861–883. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40279-015-0459-8

Drinkwater, E. J., Pyne, D. B., & McKenna, M. J. (2008). Design and interpretation of anthropometric and fitness testing of basketball players. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 38(7), 565–578. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200838070-00004

Duchowski, A. T. (2003). Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory and Practice. Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3750-4

Esteves, P. T., Arede, J., Travassos, B., & Dicks, M. (2021). Gaze And Shoot: Examining the Effects of Player Height and Attacker-Defender Interpersonal Distances on Gaze Behavior and Shooting Accuracy of Elite Basketball Players. Revista de Psicología Del Deporte (Journal of Sport Psychology), 30(3), 1–8. https://www.rpd-online.com/index.php/rpd/article/view/466

Fernandez, J., Camerino, O., Anguera, M. T., & Jonsson, G. K. (2009). Identifying and analyzing the construction and effectiveness of offensive plays in basketball by using systematic observation. Behavior Research Methods, 41(3), 719–730. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.3.719/METRICS

Fernández-Leo, A., Gómez-Carmona, C. D., García-Rubio, J., & Ibáñez, S. J. (2020). Influence of Contextual Variables on Physical and Technical Performance in Male Amateur Basketball: A Case Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH17041193

Ferreira Nunes da Silva, B., Henrique Leal dos Santos, P., Barreto da Glória, R., Silva Brito, J., Ferreira Pinho, A., Paulo Araújo, M., Andrade Paz, G., Miranda, H., & Paz, G. A. (2017). Efeitos agudos do aquecimento específico e exercícios de mobilidade articular no desempenho de repetições máximas e volume de treinamento. ConScientiae Saúde, 16(1), 50–57. https://doi.org/10.5585/conssaude.v16n1.6596

Folle, A., Quinaud, R. T., Barroso, M. L. C., Rocha, J. C. S., Ramos, V., & Do Nascimento, J. V. (2014a). Construção e validação preliminar de instrumento de avaliação do desempenho técnico-tático individual no basquetebol. Revista Da Educação Física / UEM, 25(3), 405–418. https://doi.org/10.4025/REVEDUCFIS.V25I3.23085

Folle, A., Quinaud, R. T., Barroso, M. L. C., Rocha, J. C. S., Ramos, V., & Do Nascimento, J. V. (2014b). Construção e validação preliminar de instrumento de avaliação do desempenho técnico-tático individual no basquetebol. Revista Da Educação Física / UEM, 25(3), 405–418. https://doi.org/10.4025/REVEDUCFIS.V25I3.23085

Forte, P., Encarnação, S., Monteiro, A. M., Teixeira, J. E., Hattabi, S., Sortwell, A., Branquinho, L., Amaro, B., Sampaio, T., Flores, P., Silva-Santos, S., Ribeiro, J., Batista, A., Ferraz, R., & Rodrigues, F. (2023). A Deep Learning Neural Network to Classify Obesity Risk in Portuguese Adolescents Based on Physical Fitness Levels and Body Mass Index Percentiles: Insights for National Health Policies. Behavioral Sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 13(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/BS13070522

Fox, J. L., Scanlan, A. T., & Stanton, R. (2017). A Review of Player Monitoring Approaches in Basketball: Current Trends and Future Directions. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(7), 2021–2029. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001964

Fox, J. L., Stanton, R., Sargent, C., Wintour, S. A., & Scanlan, A. T. (2018). The Association Between Training Load and Performance in Team Sports: A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 48(12), 2743–2774. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40279-018-0982-5

Gabbett, T. J. (2016). The training-injury prevention paradox: should athletes be training smarter and harder? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(5), 273–280. https://doi.org/10.1136/BJSPORTS-2015-095788

Garganta, J. (2001a). A análise da performance nos jogos desportivos. Revisão acerca da análise do jogo. Revista Portuguesa de Ciências Do Desporto, 2001(1), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.5628/RPCD.01.01.57

Garganta, J. (2001b). A análise da performance nos jogos desportivos. Revisão acerca da análise do jogo. Revista Portuguesa de Ciências Do Desporto, 2001(1), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.5628/RPCD.01.01.57

Gréhaigne, J. F., Godbout, P., & Bouthier, D. (1997). Performance Assessment in Team Sports. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 16(4), 500–516. https://doi.org/10.1123/JTPE.16.4.500

Gréhaigne, J.-F., & Godbout, P. (1998). Formative Assessment in Team Sports in a Tactical Approach Context. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 69(1), 46–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.1998.10605048

Hader, K., Rumpf, M. C., Hertzog, M., Kilduff, L. P., Girard, O., & Silva, J. R. (2019). Monitoring the Athlete Match Response: Can External Load Variables Predict Post-match Acute and Residual Fatigue in Soccer? A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports Medicine - Open, 5(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40798-019-0219-7/FIGURES/2

Harvey, S., Cushion, C. J., Wegis, H. M., & Massa-Gonzalez, A. N. (2010). Teaching games for understanding in American high-school soccer: A quantitative data analysis using the game performance assessment instrument. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 15(1), 29–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408980902729354

Hassan, A. K., Alibrahim, M. S., & Sayed Ahmed, Y. A. R. (2023). The effect of small-sided games using the FIT LIGHT training system on some harmonic abilities and some basic skills of basketball players. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 5, 1080526. https://doi.org/10.3389/FSPOR.2023.1080526/BIBTEX

Hatem, A. A., Folle, A., Maciel, L. F. P., Do Nascimento, R. K., Das Neves Salles, W., & Do Nascimento, J. V. (2020). Technical-tactical performance in basketball: evaluation of gaming actions according to specific positions. Motriz: Revista de Educação Física, 26(1), e10200174. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-65742020000110200174

Holmqvist, K., Dewhurst, R., & Jarodzka, H. (2011). Eye Tracking: A Comprehensive Guide To Methods And Measures Event detection View project Decision making View project. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254913339

Hölzemann, A., & Van Laerhoven, K. (2018). Using wrist-worn activity recognition for basketball game analysis. Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Sensor-Based Activity Recognition and Interaction, 1–6.

Hulka, K., Cuberek, R., & Svoboda, Z. (2014). Time-motion analysis of basketball players: a reliability assessment of Video Manual Motion Tracker 1.0 software. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(1), 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.805237

Hüttermann, S., Noël, B., & Memmert, D. (2018). Eye tracking in high-performance sports: Evaluation of its application in expert athletes. International Journal of Computer Science in Sport, 17(2), 182–203. https://doi.org/10.2478/IJCSS-2018-0011

Jin, P., Ge, Z., & Fan, T. (2023). Research on visual search behaviors of basketball players at different levels of sports expertise. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 1406.

Kiely, J. (2012). Periodization paradigms in the 21st century: evidence-led or tradition-driven? International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 7(3), 242–250. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.7.3.242

Klusemann, M. J., Pyne, D. B., Foster, C., & Drinkwater, E. J. (2012). Optimising technical skills and physical loading in small-sided basketball games. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(14), 1463–1471. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.712714

Klusemann, M. J., Pyne, D. B., Hopkins, W. G., & Drinkwater, E. J. (2013). Activity profiles and demands of seasonal and tournament basketball competition. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 8(6), 623–629. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.8.6.623

Knudson, D. V. (2013). Qualitative Diagnosis of Human Movement: Improving Performance in Sport and Exercise. 298. http://books.google.pl/books?id=H3eUcYEzmIkC

Lago, C. (2009). The influence of match location, quality of opposition, and match status on possession strategies in professional association football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(13), 1463–1469. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903131681

Lai, M. L., Tsai, M. J., Yang, F. Y., Hsu, C. Y., Liu, T. C., Lee, S. W. Y., Lee, M. H., Chiou, G. L., Liang, J. C., & Tsai, C. C. (2013). A review of using eye-tracking technology in exploring learning from 2000 to 2012. Educational Research Review, 10, 90–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EDUREV.2013.10.001

Leser, R., Schleindlhuber, A., Lyons, K., & Baca, A. (2014). Accuracy of an UWB-based position tracking system used for time-motion analyses in game sports. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(7), 635–642. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.884167

Marcelino, R., Sampaio, J., & Mesquita, I. (2011). Investigação centrada na análise do jogo: da modelação estática à modelação dinâmica. Revista Portuguesa de Ciências Do Desporto, 11(1), 125–152. https://doi.org/10.5628/RPCD.11.01.125

McInnes, S. E., Carlson, J. S., Jones, C. J., & McKenna, M. J. (1995). The physiological load imposed on basketball players during competition. Journal of Sports Sciences, 13(5), 387–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640419508732254

McLaren, S. J., Macpherson, T. W., Coutts, A. J., Hurst, C., Spears, I. R., & Weston, M. (2018). The Relationships Between Internal and External Measures of Training Load and Intensity in Team Sports: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 48(3), 641–658. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40279-017-0830-Z

Memmert, D., & Harvey, S. (2008). The Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI): Some concerns and solutions for further development. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 27(2), 220–240. https://doi.org/10.1123/JTPE.27.2.220

Mitchell, S. (2016). Introduction to the GPAI. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 87(S1), S40.

Montgomery, P. G., Pyne, D. B., & Minahan, C. L. (2010a). The physical and physiological demands of basketball training and competition. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 5(1), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.5.1.75

Montgomery, P. G., Pyne, D. B., & Minahan, C. L. (2010b). The physical and physiological demands of basketball training and competition. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 5(1), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.5.1.75

Muyor, J. M., Granero-Gil, P., & Pino-Ortega, J. (2018). Reliability and validity of a new accelerometer (Wimu®) system for measuring velocity during resistance exercises. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, 232(3), 218–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754337117731700

Narazaki, K., Berg, K., Stergiou, N., & Chen, B. (2009). Physiological demands of competitive basketball. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 19(3), 425–432. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1600-0838.2008.00789.X

Oliveira, V. De, & Paes, R. R. (2004). A pedagogia da iniciação esportiva: um estudo sobre o ensino dos jogos desportivos coletivos. EFDeportes, 10(71).

Pino-Ortega, J., Rojas-Valverde, D., Gómez-Carmona, C. D., & Rico-González, M. (2021). Training Design, Performance Analysis, and Talent Identification-A Systematic Review about the Most Relevant Variables through the Principal Component Analysis in Soccer, Basketball, and Rugby. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH18052642

Rampinini, E., Coutts, A. J., Castagna, C., Sassi, R., & Impellizzeri, F. M. (2007). Variation in top level soccer match performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28(12), 1018–1024. https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-965158

Richard, J. F., Godbout, P., & Griffin, L. L. (2002). Assessing game performance: an introduction to the Team Sport Assessment Procedure (TSAP). Physical & Health Education Journal, 68(1).

Rink, J. (2014). Teacher effectiveness in physical education - Consensus? Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 85(3), 282–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2014.932656

Rodrigues, J., & Louro, H. (2016). Observação e análise das habilidades desportivas. In IPDJ- DFQ (Ed), Referenciais de Formação Geral – Cursos de Treinadores de Desporto (Grau I) Plano Nacional de Formação de Treinadores. https://repositorio.ipsantarem.pt/handle/10400.15/3658

Rojas-Valverde, D., Pino-Ortega, J., & Rico-González, M. (2021). Data Mining in Team Sports. The Use of Applied Technology in Team Sport, 199–215. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003157007-19

Rösch, D., Ströbele, M. G., Leyhr, D., Ibáñez, S. J., & Höner, O. (2022). Performance Differences in Male Youth Basketball Players According to Selection Status and Playing Position: An Evaluation of the Basketball Learning and Performance Assessment Instrument. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 859897. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2022.859897/BIBTEX

Saad, M. A. (2012). A formação técnico-tática de jogadores de futsal nas categorias sub-13 e sub-15: análise do processo de ensino-aprendizagem-treinamento. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/101009

Sampaio, J. (1998). Los indicadores estadísticos más determinantes en el resultado final en los partidos de basquetbol. Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes, 3(11).

Santos, R. B. dos, Mendes, R. S., Dias, G. N. F., & Silva, M. J. C. C. e. (2016). Avaliação da performance em jogos desportivos: GPAI E TSAP. Conexões, 14(2), 137–157. https://doi.org/10.20396/CONEX.V14I2.8646042

Santos, R., Dias, G., Mendes, R., & Coelho-e-Silva, M. (2016). Aplicação do Team Sports Assessment Produce (TSAP) no Basquetebol: Revisão da Literatura. Revista Mineira de Educação Física, 24, 7–15.

Scanlan, A., Dascombe, B., & Reaburn, P. (2011). A comparison of the activity demands of elite and sub-elite Australian men’s basketball competition. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(11), 1153–1160. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.582509

Szwarc, A., & Lekner, I. (2022). Proposal of an Observation Sheet for Basketball Players’ Performance Assessment. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity, 4(4), 5. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10131-012-0026-8

Tallir, I., Musch, E., Lannoo, K., & Van de Voorde, Joeri. (2003). Validation of video-based instruments for the assessment of game performance in handball and soccer. 2nd International Conference: Teaching Sport and Physical Education for Understanding, 1998.

Tavares, F. (2006). Analisar o jogo nos esportes coletivos para melhorar a performance: uma necessidade para o processo de treino. DE ROSE JÚNIOR, D. Modalidades Esportivas Coletivas. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 60–67.

Taylor, J., Mellalieu, S., James, N., & Shearer, D. (2008). The influence of match location, quality of opposition, and match status on technical performance in professional association football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(9), 885–895. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701836887

Teixeira, J. E., Alves, A. R., Ferraz, R., Forte, P., Leal, M., Ribeiro, J., Silva, A. J., Barbosa, T. M., & Monteiro, A. M. (2022). Effects of Chronological Age, Relative Age, and Maturation Status on Accumulated Training Load and Perceived Exertion in Young Sub-Elite Football Players. Frontiers in Physiology, 13, 832202. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPHYS.2022.832202/BIBTEX

Teixeira, J. E., Forte, P., Ferraz, R., Branquinho, L., Silva, A. J., Monteiro, A. M., & Barbosa, T. M. (2022). Integrating physical and tactical factors in football using positional data: a systematic review. PeerJ, 10, e14381. https://doi.org/10.7717/PEERJ.14381/SUPP-3

Teixeira, J. E., Forte, P., Ferraz, R., Leal, M., Ribeiro, J., Silva, A. J., Barbosa, T. M., & Monteiro, A. M. (2021). Monitoring Accumulated Training and Match Load in Football: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH18083906

Torres-Ronda, L., Gonçalves, B., Marcelino, R., Torrents, C., Vicente, E., & Sampaio, J. (2015). Heart rate, time-motion, and body impacts when changing the number of teammates and opponents in soccer small-sided games. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(10), 2723–2730. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000932

Torres-Ronda, L., Ric, A., Llabres-Torres, I., De Las Heras, B., & Schelling I Del Alcazar, X. (2016). Position-Dependent Cardiovascular Response and Time-Motion Analysis During Training Drills and Friendly Matches in Elite Male Basketball Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(1), 60–70. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001043

Vázquez-Guerrero, J., Fernández-Valdés, B., Gonçalves, B., & Sampaio, J. E. (2019). Changes in locomotor ratio during basketball game quarters from elite under-18 teams. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(SEP), 468151. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2019.02163/BIBTEX

Vázquez-Guerrero, J., & Garcia, F. (2021). Is it enough to use the traditional approach based on average values for basketball physical performance analysis? European Journal of Sport Science, 21(11), 1551–1558. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1838618

Weaving, D., Marshall, P., Earle, K., Nevill, A., & Abt, G. (2014). Combining internal- and external-training-load measures in professional rugby league. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(6), 905–912. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2013-0444

Wright, S., McNeill, M., Fry, J., & Wang, J. (2005). Teaching teachers to play and teach games. Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy, 10(1), 61–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/1740898042000334917

Yang, T., Jiang, C., & Li, P. (2022). Video Analysis and System Construction of Basketball Game by Lightweight Deep Learning under the Internet of Things. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6118798

Ziv, G., & Lidor, R. (2009). Physical attributes, physiological characteristics, on-court performances and nutritional strategies of female and male basketball players. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 39(7), 547–568. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200939070-00003